Basic commands for Linux
#last -a seeing login history of all users
#cat >filename - create a file
#cat >filename - see the file contains
#cat >>filename - Add the extra mater in file without editing
#Ctrl+d - save the file contents
#rm filename - delete the file
#mkdir directory name - create a new directory
#cd directory name - open the directory
#cp old file new file - copy file
#mv old file new file - move the file
#cat >.filename - create a hidden files
#ls -1 - see the all file and folder
#rmdir directory name - delete the empty directory
#rm –rf filename - delete the directory and it contents
#clear - clear the screen
#cd .. - close the directory stapes by stapes
#cd \ - close the many directory directly
#vi filename - edit the file
#cleanlinks - remove all empty directories
#pwd - present working directory
#exit - log off the current user
#Ctrl+d - log off the current user
#who –u - how many open consoles
#kill (process id) - kill the open consoles
#touch filename - update the file access and modifies time. Associate with a file
#tty - see the terminal type
#head filename - see the head of file
#tail filename - see tail of file
#men command name - see the help
#eject - eject the CD ROM drive
#eject –t - close the CD ROM drive
#cal - see the calendar
#find 1 –name filename - see the file location
#du filename - see the file contents
#df - see the free space of the hard disk
#ls –l | more - see the file and directory page wise
#wc –l file - see the line of that file
#wc –w file - see the word of that file
#wc –c file - see the character of that file
#fsck - to check the file system
#mv –t file1 file2 - this command is used to over writing without prompting
#mv –i 1filename 2filename - this command will prompt you for confirmation
#startx - transfer the graphic from text
#mount - see the mounted contents
#compress –v filename - compress the file (35%)
#uncompress filename z - uncompress the compressed files
#gzip –v filename - compress the file 65%
#ungzip filename gz - uncompress the file
#fdisk –l - see the partition table
#ifconfig - see the IP address this computer on the network
#netconfig - assign the IP address
#ifdown eth0 - down the network adapter
#ifup eth0 - active the network adapter
#Ifconfig etho ip address - assign the IP address in common line
#iptables –l - to see the fire wall content down/start
#echo $ - to see the command start or not start
#lokkit - to open security level
#setup - open the configuration tools
#ntsysv - open the configuration service
#sysctl –a - to see the kernel Para meter
#ethtool - to see the used modify the Ethernet tool
#mii –tool - to see and used modify the network adapter
#pstree - to see the all process
#lsattr - display file attribute
#switchdisk kde - transfer the GNOME to KDE
#switchdisk gnu - transfer the KDE to GNOME
#ps x - to show the process ID
#hwbrowser - to see the system configuration
#mkfs - this command is used to format the partition
#init 0 - shutdown the pc
#init 6 - restart the pc
#telinit 0 - shutdown the system
#telinit 6 - restart the system
#shutdown –n now - reboots the system
#halt - shutdown after halting
#poweroff - shutdown the system
#shutdown –r now - reboot the system
#reboot - to restart the system
#su root - login root without log out any user
#service - to start and restart or stop the service
>i.e. - service network restart
#Hostname computer name - to modify the computer name
#domainname net.com - to modify the domain name
#chmod - this command is used to assign the permission
#chown - to change the owner ship
#chgrp - to change the group owner ship
#mkdir –p directory name - to create the directory forcefully.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++=====================================+++++++++++++++++++
LINUX – KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS
Bash Shell keyboard shortcuts for Linux users
Linux Shortcuts for Shell Commands -
Ctrl + D : exit a terminal, same as typing `exit`
Ctrl + L : clears the screen, same as `clear`
Ctrl + C : breaks/cancels an ongoing operation
Ctrl + Z: pauses (stops) an ongoing operation. Type `fg` (foreground) to resume it or `bg` (background) to continue the process in the background
Ctrl + Alt + Del : shuts down computer
Bash Shell shortcuts for moving backward forward -
Ctrl + A : Go to the beginning of the line you are currently typing on
Ctrl + E : Go to the end of the line you are currently typing on
Ctrl + U: Clears the line before the cursor position. If you are at the end of the line, clears the entire line.
Ctrl + W: Delete the word before the cursor.
Ctrl + K: Clear the line after the cursor.
Ctrl + T: Swap the last two characters before the cursor.
Esc + T: Swap the last two words before the cursor.
Alt + F: Move cursor forward one word on the current line.
Alt + B: Move cursor backward one word on the current line.
History related bash shell shortcuts -
Ctrl + R: Let’s you search through previously used commands.
Alt + <: Move to the first line in the history.
Alt + >: Move to the last line in the history.
Other bash shell shortcuts -
Ctrl + H: Same as backspace.
Tab: Auto: complete files and folder names.
Ctrl + Y: to paste it (as in delete and copy) all text in front of the cursor.
Alt +? : Show current completion list.
Alt + *: Insert all possible completions.
Alt + /: Attempt to complete file-name.
Alt + c: Capitalize the word.
Alt + l: Make word lowercase.
Alt + r: Recall command.
Note: Some of these commands may not work if you are accessing bash through a telnet, ssh session, or depending on how you have your keys mapped.
Linux GUI – KDE shortcuts
Most common Linux Shortcuts for KDE -
Ctrl + Esc: KDE System Guard process table.
Alt + F1 : K-Menu popup.
Alt + F2: Run command.
Alt + F3: Application control.
Alt + F4: Terminated active application.
Alt + F5: Quick application switcher.
Alt + Tab: Switch between active applications.
Ctrl + Alt + Shift + PageDN: direct shutdown.
Ctrl + Alt + Shift + Page UP: direct reboot.
Linux shortcuts for Virtual terminals
Most common Linux Shortcuts for Virtual terminals -
Ctrl + Alt + F1: Switch to the first virtual terminal. In Linux, you can have several virtual terminals at the same time. The default is 6.
Ctrl + Alt + Fn: Switch to the nth virtual terminal. Because the number of virtual terminals is 6 by default, n = 1...6.
tty: Typing the tty command tells you what virtual terminal you're currently working in.
Ctrl + Alt + F7: Switch to the GUI. If you have X Window System running, it runs in the seventh virtual terminal by default. If X isn't running, this terminal is empty.
Miscellaneous Linux shortcuts
Most common miscellaneous Linux Shortcuts -
ALT+Ctrl + (F1-F7): To switch between different terminals. Or if GUI is installed then to switch between GUI and text mode.
GUI specific -
Ctrl+Q: Mostly to quit from and application (like gimp, konqueror).
Switch Desktop -
Desktop 1 : Ctrl +F1
Desktop 2 : Ctrl +F2
Desktop 3 : Ctrl +F3
Desktop 4 : Ctrl +F4
Scroll Lock -
Press Scroll Lock: locks terminal input/output - allows reading console contents when output is going too fast. To unlock, press Scroll Lock once again
====================================================================@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@======================================
#last -a seeing login history of all users
#cat >filename - create a file
#cat >filename - see the file contains
#cat >>filename - Add the extra mater in file without editing
#Ctrl+d - save the file contents
#rm filename - delete the file
#mkdir directory name - create a new directory
#cd directory name - open the directory
#cp old file new file - copy file
#mv old file new file - move the file
#cat >.filename - create a hidden files
#ls -1 - see the all file and folder
#rmdir directory name - delete the empty directory
#rm –rf filename - delete the directory and it contents
#clear - clear the screen
#cd .. - close the directory stapes by stapes
#cd \ - close the many directory directly
#vi filename - edit the file
#cleanlinks - remove all empty directories
#pwd - present working directory
#exit - log off the current user
#Ctrl+d - log off the current user
#who –u - how many open consoles
#kill (process id) - kill the open consoles
#touch filename - update the file access and modifies time. Associate with a file
#tty - see the terminal type
#head filename - see the head of file
#tail filename - see tail of file
#men command name - see the help
#eject - eject the CD ROM drive
#eject –t - close the CD ROM drive
#cal - see the calendar
#find 1 –name filename - see the file location
#du filename - see the file contents
#df - see the free space of the hard disk
#ls –l | more - see the file and directory page wise
#wc –l file - see the line of that file
#wc –w file - see the word of that file
#wc –c file - see the character of that file
#fsck - to check the file system
#mv –t file1 file2 - this command is used to over writing without prompting
#mv –i 1filename 2filename - this command will prompt you for confirmation
#startx - transfer the graphic from text
#mount - see the mounted contents
#compress –v filename - compress the file (35%)
#uncompress filename z - uncompress the compressed files
#gzip –v filename - compress the file 65%
#ungzip filename gz - uncompress the file
#fdisk –l - see the partition table
#ifconfig - see the IP address this computer on the network
#netconfig - assign the IP address
#ifdown eth0 - down the network adapter
#ifup eth0 - active the network adapter
#Ifconfig etho ip address - assign the IP address in common line
#iptables –l - to see the fire wall content down/start
#echo $ - to see the command start or not start
#lokkit - to open security level
#setup - open the configuration tools
#ntsysv - open the configuration service
#sysctl –a - to see the kernel Para meter
#ethtool - to see the used modify the Ethernet tool
#mii –tool - to see and used modify the network adapter
#pstree - to see the all process
#lsattr - display file attribute
#switchdisk kde - transfer the GNOME to KDE
#switchdisk gnu - transfer the KDE to GNOME
#ps x - to show the process ID
#hwbrowser - to see the system configuration
#mkfs - this command is used to format the partition
#init 0 - shutdown the pc
#init 6 - restart the pc
#telinit 0 - shutdown the system
#telinit 6 - restart the system
#shutdown –n now - reboots the system
#halt - shutdown after halting
#poweroff - shutdown the system
#shutdown –r now - reboot the system
#reboot - to restart the system
#su root - login root without log out any user
#service - to start and restart or stop the service
>i.e. - service network restart
#Hostname computer name - to modify the computer name
#domainname net.com - to modify the domain name
#chmod - this command is used to assign the permission
#chown - to change the owner ship
#chgrp - to change the group owner ship
#mkdir –p directory name - to create the directory forcefully.
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++=====================================+++++++++++++++++++
LINUX – KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS
Bash Shell keyboard shortcuts for Linux users
Linux Shortcuts for Shell Commands -
Ctrl + D : exit a terminal, same as typing `exit`
Ctrl + L : clears the screen, same as `clear`
Ctrl + C : breaks/cancels an ongoing operation
Ctrl + Z: pauses (stops) an ongoing operation. Type `fg` (foreground) to resume it or `bg` (background) to continue the process in the background
Ctrl + Alt + Del : shuts down computer
Bash Shell shortcuts for moving backward forward -
Ctrl + A : Go to the beginning of the line you are currently typing on
Ctrl + E : Go to the end of the line you are currently typing on
Ctrl + U: Clears the line before the cursor position. If you are at the end of the line, clears the entire line.
Ctrl + W: Delete the word before the cursor.
Ctrl + K: Clear the line after the cursor.
Ctrl + T: Swap the last two characters before the cursor.
Esc + T: Swap the last two words before the cursor.
Alt + F: Move cursor forward one word on the current line.
Alt + B: Move cursor backward one word on the current line.
History related bash shell shortcuts -
Ctrl + R: Let’s you search through previously used commands.
Alt + <: Move to the first line in the history.
Alt + >: Move to the last line in the history.
Other bash shell shortcuts -
Ctrl + H: Same as backspace.
Tab: Auto: complete files and folder names.
Ctrl + Y: to paste it (as in delete and copy) all text in front of the cursor.
Alt +? : Show current completion list.
Alt + *: Insert all possible completions.
Alt + /: Attempt to complete file-name.
Alt + c: Capitalize the word.
Alt + l: Make word lowercase.
Alt + r: Recall command.
Note: Some of these commands may not work if you are accessing bash through a telnet, ssh session, or depending on how you have your keys mapped.
Linux GUI – KDE shortcuts
Most common Linux Shortcuts for KDE -
Ctrl + Esc: KDE System Guard process table.
Alt + F1 : K-Menu popup.
Alt + F2: Run command.
Alt + F3: Application control.
Alt + F4: Terminated active application.
Alt + F5: Quick application switcher.
Alt + Tab: Switch between active applications.
Ctrl + Alt + Shift + PageDN: direct shutdown.
Ctrl + Alt + Shift + Page UP: direct reboot.
Linux shortcuts for Virtual terminals
Most common Linux Shortcuts for Virtual terminals -
Ctrl + Alt + F1: Switch to the first virtual terminal. In Linux, you can have several virtual terminals at the same time. The default is 6.
Ctrl + Alt + Fn: Switch to the nth virtual terminal. Because the number of virtual terminals is 6 by default, n = 1...6.
tty: Typing the tty command tells you what virtual terminal you're currently working in.
Ctrl + Alt + F7: Switch to the GUI. If you have X Window System running, it runs in the seventh virtual terminal by default. If X isn't running, this terminal is empty.
Miscellaneous Linux shortcuts
Most common miscellaneous Linux Shortcuts -
ALT+Ctrl + (F1-F7): To switch between different terminals. Or if GUI is installed then to switch between GUI and text mode.
GUI specific -
Ctrl+Q: Mostly to quit from and application (like gimp, konqueror).
Switch Desktop -
Desktop 1 : Ctrl +F1
Desktop 2 : Ctrl +F2
Desktop 3 : Ctrl +F3
Desktop 4 : Ctrl +F4
Scroll Lock -
Press Scroll Lock: locks terminal input/output - allows reading console contents when output is going too fast. To unlock, press Scroll Lock once again
====================================================================@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@======================================
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